Electromagnetism · Intermediate · ⏱ 35 min

Electric Field Lines

Place positive and negative charges on a field, trace the electric field lines and equipotential surfaces, and verify Coulomb's law.

Step 01

Place Two Charges

Add two Charged Body objects to the canvas. Set the left body to charge q₁ = +2 μC and the right to q₂ = −2 μC, separated by 4 m. Enable the Electric field overlay (E key). Field lines should appear flowing from + to −.

Note: The density of field lines indicates field strength — they bunch together near the charges where the field is strong, and spread out at a distance.
Step 02

Verify Coulomb's Law

Place a small test charge (q = +0.1 μC, mass = 0.001 kg) between the two fixed charges at various distances r from q₁. Read the force from the body panel. Plot F vs 1/r² — you should get a straight line through the origin, confirming F ∝ 1/r².

Note: Use k_e = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C². For q₁ = 2×10⁻⁶ C, q_test = 0.1×10⁻⁶ C at r = 1 m: F = 8.99×10⁹ × 2×10⁻⁶ × 0.1×10⁻⁶ / 1² = 1.798 × 10⁻³ N.
Step 03

Map Equipotential Lines

Enable the Potential overlay. Equipotential lines appear perpendicular to field lines everywhere. Move a test probe along a line of constant colour — confirm the potential V = k·q/r stays constant. Equipotentials close to a charge are nearly circular.

Step 04

Like Charges — Repulsion Pattern

Change q₂ to +2 μC (both charges now positive). Observe the field pattern — lines now emerge from both charges and the field is zero exactly midway between them. The test charge placed at the midpoint experiences zero net force (unstable equilibrium).

Step 05

Release the Test Charge

Remove the fixed constraint on q₂. With opposite charges, release q₂ and watch it accelerate toward q₁ under Coulomb attraction. Measure the acceleration at several positions and verify a = F/m = k·q₁·q₂/(m·r²). Compare the measured trajectory to what you'd predict analytically.

Key formula:
F = k·q₁q₂/r² | E = k·q/r²

Discussion

Questions, corrections, and insights welcome.

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